Contents
1 Cryosphere and Cryospheric Science 1
2 Classification and Geographical Distribution of Cryosphere 33
3 Formation and Development of the Cryosphere 81
4 Physical Properties of the Cryosphere 107
5 Chemical Characteristics of the Cryosphere 141
6 Climatic and Environmental Record in Cryosphere 177
7 Cryospheric Evolutions at Different Time Scales 207
8 Interactions Between Cryosphere and the Other Spheres 253
9 Cryosphere Change Impact， Adaptation and Sustainable Development 315
10 Field Observations and Measurements for Cryospheric Science 365
References 417
