Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Significance of Research on Water and Mud Inrush in Tunnels 1
1.2 Water and Mud Inrush Hazard-causing System and Resistance Body 5
1.2.1 Water and mud inrush hazard-causing system 5
1.2.2 Resistance body 6
1.3 Research on the Hazard-causing System of Water and Mud Inrush in Tunnels 8
1.4 Summary of Research on Construction Risk Dynamic Evaluation of Tunnel
Water and Mud Inrush 14
1.5 Summary of Research on Identification Methods of Tunnel Water and Mud
Inrush Hazard-causing System 18
Chapter 2 Classification and Geological Identification of Water and Mud Inrush
Hazard-causing Systems in Tunnels 25
2.1 Karst-category of Hazard-causing System 27
2.1.1 Corrosion fissure type 33
2.1.2 Karst cave type 34
2.1.3 Pipe and underground river type 36
2.2 Fault-category of Hazard-causing System 38
2.2.1 Water-enrich fault type 41
2.2.2 Water-conductive fault type 42
2.2.3 Water-resistant fault type 43
2.3 Other-category of Hazard-causing System 44
2.3.1 Intrusive contact type 47
2.3.2 Structural fissure type 49
2.3.3 Unconformable contact type 53
2.3.4 Differential weathering type 55
2.3.5 Special condition type 56
2.4 Disaster-forming Pattern of Water and Mud Inrush Hazards in Tunnels 57
2.4.1 Directly revealed type of water and mud inrush 57
2.4.2 Progressive failure type of water and mud inrush 58
2.4.3 Seepage instability type of water and mud inrush 59
2.4.4 Intermittent failure type of water and mud inrush 60
2.5 Summary 61
Chapter 3 Typical Cases and Analysis of Water and Mud Inrush in Tunnels 62
3.1 Typical Cases of Water and Mud Inrush in Karst-category Hazard-causing System 62
3.1.1 Typical case of corrosion fissure type water and mud inrush—Qiyueshan Tunnel of Lichuan-Wanzhou Expressway 63
3.1.2 Typical case of karst cave type water and mud inrush—Daba Tunnel of Longshan-Yongshun Highway 70
3.1.3 Typical case of pipe and underground river type water and mud inrush—Qiyueshan
Tunnel of Shanghai-Chengdu West Highway 77
3.2 Typical Cases of Water and Mud Inrush in Fault-category Hazard-causing System 83
3.2.1 Typical case of water-enrich fault type water and mud inrush—Baiyun Tunnel of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway 83
3.2.2 Typical case of water-conductive fault type water and mud inrush—Yonglian Tunnel of Ji’an-Lianhua Expressway 88
3.2.3 Typical case of water-resistant fault type water and mud inrush—Qiyueshan Tunnel of Yichang-Wanzhou Railway 94
3.3 Typical Cases of Water and Mud Inrush in Other-category Hazard-causing System 100
3.3.1 Typical case of intrusive contact type water and mud inrush—Xiangyun Tunnel of Guangtong-Dali Railway 101
3.3.2 Typical cases of structural fissure type water and mud inrush 107
3.3.3 Typical case of unconformable contact type water and mud inrush—Changlashan Tunnel of Qinghai Provincial Highway 309 120
3.3.4 Typical case of differential weathering type water and mud inrush—Junchang Tunnel of Cenxi-Shuiwen Highway 124
3.3.5 Typical cases of special condition type water and mud inrush 130
3.4 Summary 132
Chapter 4 Tunnel Route Selection in Karst Region 134
4.1 Underground River System 134
4.1.1 Underground river system structural characteristics and its macro-geological identification 134
4.1.2 Engineering identification of underground river systems 136
4.1.3 The influence of the underground river system on tunnel route selection 137
4.1.4 Principles of tunnel route selection in the underground river system 139
4.2 Karst Spring System 141
4.2.1 Karst spring system structural characteristics and its macro-geological identification 141
4.2.2 Engineering identification of karst spring systems 141
4.2.3 The influence of karst spring systems on tunnel route selection 142
4.2.4 Principles of tunnel route selection in karst spring system 143
4.3 Dispersed Drainage Karst Water System 144
4.4 Evaluation of Karst Tunnel Route Selection 145
4.4.1 Evaluation model for karst tunnel route selection 145
4.4.2 Evaluation factors and weight analysis of karst tunnel route selection 146
4.4.3 The complete hierarchical order 153
4.4.4 Grading criteria 153
4.5 Engineering Application 154
4.5.1 Project overview 154
4.5.2 The development characteristics of underground rivers in the tunnel area 155
4.5.3 Engineering analogy 156
4.5.4 Tracer test 161
4.5.5 Geophysical prospecting and investigation inside the tunnel 164
4.5.6 Evaluation of karst tunnel route selection 170
4.6 Summary 171
Chapter 5 A Dynamic Interval Risk Assessment Method for Water and Mud Inrush during Tunnel Construction 173
5.1 Risk Assessment Conceptual Model and Index Rating 173
5.1.1 Hydrogeology and geological engineering conditions 174
5.1.2 Tunnel construction factors 17
