Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to Chemistry 1
1.2 Measurement and SI Units 3
1.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements 4
1.4 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 6
1.5 Ways of Expressing Concentration 12
1.6 Vapor Pressure of a Solution 19
1.7 Boiling Point Elevation 22
1.8 Freezing Point Depression 24
1.9 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions 28
Summary 35
Essay：The Human Genome Project 36
Problems 36
Chapter 2 Electrolyte Solutions 39
2.1 Br？nsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory 39
2.2 Solving Problems Involving Acid-Base Equilibrium 44
Summary 55
Essay：Aspirin and Digestion 56
Problems 57
Chapter 3 Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds 58
3.1 The Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) 58
3.2 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate：Qsp vs. Ksp 62
3.3 Applications of Solubility—Tooth Decay and Fluoridation 66
Summary 67
Essay：Aspirin Solubility - Enhanceing Formulations 67
Problems 68
Chapter 4 Buffer Solutions 70
4.1 Composition and Action of Buffer Solutions 70
4.2 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation 71
4.3 Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range 74
4.4 The Preparation of Buffer Solutions 76
4.5 Buffer’s Action in Human Blood 78
Summary 79
Essay：Acidosis and Alkalosis 80
Problems 81
Chapter 5 Colloids 83
5.1 Colloid and Its Basic Behaviors 83
5.2 Sol 87
5.3 Surface Active Agent and Emulsions 96
Summary 98
Essay：Colloids in Water Purification 100
Problems 101
Chapter 6 Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics 103
6.1 Some Basic Definitions 103
6.2 The Law of Energy Conservation 107
6.3 Spontaneous Change：Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy 114
Summary 124
Essay：The Universal Role of ATP 126
Problems 126
Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium 128
7.1 Relating to the Equilibrium Constant 128
7.2 The Reaction Quotient, the Equilibrium Constant and the Reaction Direction：
Comparing Q and 130
7.3 Expressing Equilibria with Pressure Units：Relation Between Kc and Kp 131
7.4 Altering Equilibrium Conditions：Le Chatelier’s Principle 132
Summary 136
Essay：Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle （TCA） 136
Problems 138
Chapter 8 Kinetics：Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions 140
8.1 Expression of the Reaction Rate 140
8.2 Reaction Mechanisms：Steps in the Overall Reaction 143
8.3 Integrated Rate Laws：Concentration Changes Over Time 147
8.4 Collision and Transition State Theories 151
8.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 155
8.6 Catalysis：Speeding Up a Chemical Reaction 157
Summary 159
Essay：Protease Inhibitor and AIDS 161
Problems 161
Chapter 9 Electrochemistry：Chemical Change and Electrical Work 164
9.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 164
9.2 Voltaic Cells：Using Spontaneous Reactions to Generate Electric Energy 168
9.3 Cell Electromotive Force (emf) and Free Energy 177
9.4 Concentration Effects on Cell Potential and the Nernst Equation 181
Summary 186
Essay：Heartbeats and Electrocardiography 187
Problems 189
Chapter 10 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 191
10.1 Structure of the Hydrogen Atom 191
10.2 Quantum Numbers of an Atomic Orbital 197
10.3 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 201
10.4 Trends in Some Key Periodic Atomic Properties 213
Summary 215
Essay：Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 216
Problems 217
Chapter 11 Molecular Structure 219
11.1 The Covalent Bond Model 219
11.2 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 226
11.3 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and Molecular Shape 231
11.4 Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory 236
11.5 Intermolecular Forces 237
Summary 243
Essay：Molecular Shape, Biological Receptors, and the Sense of Smell 244
Problems 245
Chapter 12 Coordination Complexes 247
12.1 Basic Concepts of Complexes 247
12.2 Theoretical Basis for the Bonding and Properties of Complexes 253
12.3 Equilibrium Involving Complex Ions 257
12.4 Chelates and Living Ligands 262
Summary 265
Essay：The Cooperative Release of Oxygen from Oxyhemoglobin 266
Problems 267
Chapter 13 Titrimetric Methods of Analysis 269
13.1 Overview of Titrimetry 269
13.2 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 271
13.3 Titrations Based on Acid-Base Reactions 276
13.4 Titrations Based on Redox Reactions 287
13.5 Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions 291
13.6 Precipitation Titrations 294
Summary 297
Essay：Analytical Chemistry and Public Perceptions of Toxicity 297
Problems 299
Chapter 14 Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry 301
14.1 Absorption Spectrum 301
14.2 Quantitative Calculations 303
14.3 Visible Spectrophotometry 306
14.4 Methods to Improve Sensitivity and Accuracy 309
Summary 312
Essay：Clinical Applications of Ultraviolet-Visible Molecular Absorption 313
Problems 314
Chapter 15 Introduction to Modern Instrumental Analysis 316
15.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 317
15.2 Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy 320
15.3 Chromatography 325
Summary 331
Essay：Applications of Gas Chromatography 332
Problems 332
Appendix 334
Appendix A Units of Measurement 334
Appendix B Some Physical and Chemical Constants 336
Appendix C Equilibrium Constants 337
Appendix D Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances at 298.15 K 342
Appendix E Standard Reduction Potentials, ？ , at 298.15 K 344
Appendix F Greece Alphabet 345
References 346