6.6 References . 180
7. Color, Gauge Principle and Quantum Chromodynamics 181
7.1 Evidence for Color 181
7.2 Gauge Principle 184
7.2.1 Aharanov and Bohm Experiment . 186
7.2.2 Gauge Principle for Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 188
7.3 Non-Abelion Local Gauge Transformations （Yang-Mills） . 190
7.4 Quantum Chromodynamics （QCD） . 194
7.4.1 Conserved Current . 197
7.4.2 Experimental Determinations of _s（q2） and
Asymptotic Freedom of QCD 199
7.5 Hadron Spectroscopy . 202
7.5.1 One Gluon Exchange Potential . 202
7.5.2 Long Range QCD Motivated Potential 205
7.5.3 Spin-Spin Interaction 209
7.6 The Mass Spectrum . 209
7.6.1 Meson Mass Relations 211
7.6.2 Baryon Mass Spectrum . 213
7.7 Problems . 217
7.8 References . 219
8. Heavy Flavors 221
8.1 Discovery of Charm . 221
8.1.1 Isospin 223
8.1.2 SU（3） Classi_cation . 223
8.2 Charm . 224
8.2.1 Heavy Mesons 224
8.2.2 The Fifth Quark Flavor: Bottom Mesons . 228
8.2.3 The Sixth Quark Flavor: The Top . 228
8.3 Strong and Radiative Decays of D_ Mesons 229
8.4 Heavy Baryons 232
8.5 Quarkonium 233
8.6 Leptonic Decay Width of Quarkonium . 237
8.7 Hadronic Decay Width 238
8.8 Non-Relativistic Treatment of Quarkonium 240
8.9 Observations . 245
8.10 Tetraquark 246
8.11 Problems . 249
8.12 References . 254
9. Heavy Quark E_ective Theory 255
9.1 E_ective Lagrangian . 255
9.2 Spin Symmetry of Heavy Quark . 259
9.3 Mass Spectroscopy for Hadrons with One Heavy Quark . 264
9.4 The P-wave Heavy Mesons: Mass Spectroscopy 269
9.5 Decays of P-wave Mesons 275
9.6 Problems . 277
9.7 References . 277
10. Weak Interaction 279
10.1 V ?? A Interaction 279
10.1.1 Helicity of the Neutrino . 281
10.2 Classi_cation of Weak Processes 281
10.2.1 Purely Leptonic Processes . 281
10.2.2 Semileptonic Processes . 283
10.2.3 Non-Leptonic Processes . 287
10.2.4 _-Decay . 288
10.2.5 Remarks . 289
10.2.6 Semi-Leptonic Processes 291
10.3 Baryon Decays 292
10.4 Pseudoscalar Meson Decays . 296
10.4.1 Pion Decay 296
10.4.2 Strangeness Changing Semi-Leptonic Decays . 297
10.5 Hadronic Weak Decays 299
10.5.1 Non-Leptonic Decays of Hyperons . 299
10.5.2 _I = 1/2 Rule for Hyperon Decays 302
10.5.3 Non-leptonic Hyperon Decays in Non-Relativistic
Quark Model . 304
10.6 Problems . 307
10.7 References . 310
11. Properties of Weak Hadronic Currents and Chiral Symmetry 311
11.1 Introduction 311
11.2 Conserved Vector Current Hypothesis （CVC） . 311
11.3 Partially Conserved Axial Vector Current Hypothesis
（PCAC） 314
11.4 Current Algebra and Chiral Symmetry . 317
11.4.1 Explicit Breaking of Chiral Symmetry . 320
11.4.2 An Application of Chiral Symmetry to Non-
Leptonic Decays of Hyperons 323
11.5 Axial Anomaly 325
11.6 QCD Sum Rules . 327
11.7 Problems . 328
11.8 References . 329
12. Neutrino 331
12.1 Introduction 331
12.2 Intrinsic Properties of Neutrinos 332
12.3 Mass 332
12.3.1 Constraints on Neutrino Mass . 333
12.3.2 Dirac and Majorana Masses 337
12.3.3 Fermion Masses in the Standard Model （SM） and
See-saw Mechanism . 339
12.4 Neutrino Oscillations . 343
12.4.1 Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein E_ect . 345
12.4.2 Evolution of Flavor Eigenstates in Matter . 349
12.5 Evidence for Neutrino Oscillations . 351
12.5.1 Disappearance Experiments 351
12.5.2 Appearance Experiments 351
12.6 Neutrino Mass Models and Mixing Matrix and Symmetries 355
12.7 Neutrino Magnetic Moment . 360
12.8 Problems . 362
12.9 References . 363
13. Electroweak Uni_cation 365
13.1 Introduction 365
13.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Higgs Mechanism . 366
13.2.1 Higgs Mechanism 368
13.2.2 Gauge Symmetry Breaking for Chiral U1U2 Group 369
13.3 Renormalizability . 372
13.4 Electroweak Uni_cation . 374
13.4.1 Experimental Consequences of the Electroweak
Uni_cation 381
13.4.2 Need for Radiative Corrections . 382
13.4.3 Experiments which Determine sin2 _W 387
13.5 Decay Widths of W and Z Bosons . 389
13.6 Tests of Yang-Mills Character of Gauge Bosons 395
13.7 Higgs Boson Mass 399
13.8 Upper Bound . 399
13.8.1 Unitarity . 399
13.8.2 Finiteness of Couplings . 400
13.9 Standard Model, Higgs Boson Searches, Production at Decays
401
13.9.1 LEP-2 401
13.9.2 LHC and Tevatron . 402
13.10 Two Higgs Doublet Model （2HDM） . 406
13.11 GIM Mechanism . 411
13.12 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix 414
13.13 Axial Anomaly 416
13.14 Problems . 421
13.15 References . 423
14. Deep Inelastic Scattering 425
14.1 Introduction 425
14.2 Deep-Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scattering . 427
14.3 Parton Model . 431
14.4 Deep Inelastic Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering 436
14.5 Sum Rules . 439
14.6 Deep-Inelastic Scattering Involving Neutral Weak Currents 446
14.7 Problems . 447
14.8 References . 450
15. Weak Decays of Heavy Flavors 451
15.1 Leptonic Decays of _ Lepton 451
15.2 Semi-Hadronic Decays of _ Lepton . 453
15.2.1 Special Cases . 454
15.3 Weak Decays of Heavy Flavors . 457
15.3.1 Leptonic Decays of D and B Mesons . 458
15.3.2 Semileptonic Decays of D and B Mesons . 459
15.3.3 （Exclusive） Semileptonic Decays of D and B Mesons 464
15.3.4 Weak Hadronic Decays of B Mesons 471
15.3.5 Inclusive Hadronic B Decays 476
15.3.6 Radiative Decays of Bq Mesons 478
15.4 Inclusive Hadronic Decays of D-Mesons 479
15.4.1 Scattering and Annihilation Diagrams . 480
15.5 Problems . 484
15.6 References . 487
16. Particle Mixing and CP-Violation 489
16.1 Introduction 489
16.2 CPT and CP Invariance . 492
16.3 CP-Violation in the Standard Model 494
16.4 Particle Mixing 497
16.5 K0 ?? _K0 Complex and CP-Violation in K-Decay . 504
16.6 B0 ?? _B0 Complex 511
16.7 CP-Violation in B-Decays 515
16.8 CP-Violation in Hadronic Weak Decays of Baryons 518
16.9 Problems . 522
